英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)

第一部分  选择题41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in

English for illustration.

42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of

a second language.

英语语言学试题（2）

五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)

36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.

  (1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.

  (2)He saw young men and women present.

  (3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.

37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples.

  re-

  un-

  anti-

  super-

  -wise

  -itis

  -ize

  -age

英语语言学试题（3）

Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)

41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.

英语语言学试题（5）

五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)

41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme?

42. For the following sentence,  draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.

        The girl ate the orange.

43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.

      King: Where is Polonius?

      Hamlet: In heaven,  Send thither to see.

      If your messenger find him not there,

      seek him i’ the other place yourself.

      But indeed, if you find him not within

      this month, you shall nose him as you

      go up the stairs into the lobby.

                            Act IV,  Scene iii

英语语言学试题（6）

41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning.

42. Explain and give examples to show in what way ponential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.

英语语言学试题（7）

五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）

1. ment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle:

A: Where’ve you been?

B: Out.

2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:

specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness

(每个语素0. 5分)

英语语言学试题（8）

语言学试题

)

41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure  in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.

42.Describe the process of language perception, prehension and production

英语语言学试题（9）

语言学试题及参

       41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.

    42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.

语言学试题参

一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、C 3、D 4、D 5、D6、B 7、B 8、C 9、A10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、plete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、F

Actually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.

22、F

Voicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.

23、F

The meaning of some pound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their ponents, such as the pound "redcoat".

24、F

Apart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.

25、F

Dialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.

26、T27、T28、F

They have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.

29、F

The true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"

30、T四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of binations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.

32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.

33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.

34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.

35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible binations of words to form phrases and sentences

36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.

37、ponential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning ponents, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as prising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.

38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic munication is taking place.

39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".

40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.

五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.

1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→ /fi:v/(MiddleEnglish)→ /faiv/(Modern English)

2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.

3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis, e.g.spinle--spindle.

4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less mon, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".

评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。42、The acquisition of a second language is dependent on a bination of factors. The rate and ultimate success in SLA are affected not only by learners' experience with optimal input and instruction, but also by individual learner factors. The learner factors that have captured the attention of SLA researchers include age, motivation, acculturation, and personality:

1) Age The optimum age for SLA does not always accord with the maxim of "the younger the better." But it has been demonstrated that adolescents are quicker and more effective L2 learners than young children. The early teenagers are good L2 learners because their flexibility of the language acquisition faculty has not been pletely lost and their cognitive skills have developed considerably to facilitate the processing of linguistic features of a new language.

2) Motivation Adults are motivated to learn a second language because of a municative need. If the learners have a strong instrumental need to learn a second language or have a strong interest in the way of life of native speakers of the language they are learning, they are most likely to succeed.

3) Acculturation The more a learner aspires to acculturate to the munity of the target language, the further he or she will progress along the developmental continuum.

4) Personality The generally outgoing adult learners learn more quickly and therefore are more successful than the generally reserved ones.

英语语言学试题（2）

参

一、单项选择题(每小题2分，共20分)

    1.B      2.D      3.D      4.D      5.B

    6.A      7.B      8.C      9.A      10.B

二、填空题(每空1分，共10分)

    11.words question

    12.social groups

    13.sentence meaning

    14.polyglot

    15.voiceless  voiced  voiced

三、判断说明题(每小题2分，共20分)

    16.T

    17.F(Sense and reference…)

    18.F(scientific study of language)

    19.F(finite verb…)

    20.F(diachronic)

    21.F(no value judgement)

    22.T

    23.T

    24.F(morpheme)

    25.F(one of the parts)

四、名词解释(每小题3分，共30分)

    26.The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.

    27.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments.

    28.The base form of a word; the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added.

    29.The sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic categories of each structural constituent, such as NP and VP.

    30.The words of a language are labels of the objects they stand for; a linguistic form is linked through concepts to what it refers to.

    31.Do not say what you believe to be false or without adequate evident; Avoid obscurity of expression and ambiguity, be brief and orderly.

    32.A process of forming a new word by bining parts of other words.

    33.A variety of languages used by a social class.

    34.Thought when it is close to language.

    35.A parative procedure to establish linguistic differences between languages for teaching purposes.

五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)

    36.(1)the hunters are shooting; the hunters are shot;

      (2)young men and young women; young men and (not young) women

      (3)the president appoints others; the president is appointed.

    37.re-:again,e.g.retype,reorganize

        un-: not, reverse, e.g. unhappy, unlock

        anti-: against, anti- drug, anti-imperialism

        super- greater than usual, e.g. superpower, superman

        -wise: in the manner of, e.g. clockwise, moneywise

        -itis: infection. e.g. bronchitis, arthritis

        -ize: make into, e.g. realize, modernize

        -age: process. e.g. mileage, linkage

英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题参

一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分)

    1.A        2.A        3.B        4.C        5.D

    6.A        7.B        8.C        9.D        10.A

二、填空题(本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分)

    11.social          12.plementary

    13.root            14.plex

    15.plementary    16.utterance

    17.metathesis      18.bilingualism

    19.lateralization    20.transfer

三、判断改错题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分)

    21.F

      The contrary is true. The writing system is always a later invention.

    22.T

    23.F

      Some pounds contain more than two words.

    24.T

    25.F

      It is false because linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense. A case in point is the two expressions "morning star" and " evening star." They refer to the same star but differ in sense.

    26.T

    27.F

      The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is conventional and somewhat arbitrary.

    28.T

    29.T

    30.F

      Children first acquire the sounds found in all languages of the world, no matter what language they are exposed to ,and in later stages acquire the " more difficult" sounds.

四、名词解释题(本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分)

    31.One of the major defining features of human language.Humans are born with the ability to acquire a language, but different from animals, the actual use of human language is not genetically transmitted, rather it is culturally transmitted, i.e.it has to be taught and learnt.

    32.The limited range of sounds that are used in human language munication, i.e.the speech sounds.

    33.Voicing is a phonetic feature of some sounds.It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.

34.Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatrcal relations and categories,such as-ed,-(e)s,-est in English.

    35.Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.For example ,if we say, "The dog is barking," we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the situation.The actual dog the word "dog" refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word "dog".

    36.Locutionary act refers to the act of uttering words, phrases, and clauses.It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. For example, by saying "You have left the door wide open",the locutionary act performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words and expressed what the words literally mean.

    37.A protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.The proto form can be reconstructed by identifying and paring similar linguistic forms with similar meanings across related languages.

    38.An ethnic dialect is a social dialect of a language,often cutting across regional differences. It is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation, such as racial discrimination or segregation.

    39.Registers are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations,in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. For this reason, registers are also known as situational dialects.

    40.Acculturation refers to a process of adapting to the culture and value system of the second language munity.

五、论述题(本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分)

    41.In addition to revealing a linear order, a constituent structure tree  has a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, and consequently is believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements.   

            For example, the phrase " the old men and women" may have two interpretations, i.e.the adjective "old”may modify the noun "men", or the following two nouns "men and women".Linear order analysis cannot tell this difference, so it is ambiguous.Whereas,the constituent or tree diagrams analysis can make this difference clear.So,we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure analysis.

                    NP                              NP

        NP                NP                NP                NP

    The old men      and        the women  the old men  and    the old women

    42.From the perspective of psycholinguistic analysis,language use in terms of perception,prehension and production follows a certain pattern which involves the coordination of various language centers.

          When we speak,words are drawn from Wernicke's area and transferred to Broca's area, which determines the details of their form and pronunciation.The appropriate instructions are then sent to the motor area which controls the vocal tract to physically articulate the words.

            When we hear something and try to prehend it,t he stimulus from the auditory cortex is transmitted to Wernicke's area,where it is then interpreted.

            When we perceive a visual image,a message is sent to the angular gyrus,where it is converted into a visual pattern.

英语语言学试题（9）

参

  一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）   1、C 2、B 3、C 4、B 5、A 6、C 7、C 8、B 9、B10、C   二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、facts 12、sequential 13、free14、coordinate    15、semantics 16、Cooperative 17、transmission 18、social19、subvocal 20、Interlanguage   三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）

    21、（T）   22、（F）As there is an essential difference between the consonants and the vowels, i.e. there is some kind of obstruction of air in the production of the former, but there is not in the production of the latter, it is impossible to use the same criteria in their classification.

  23、（F）We cannot always tell by the words a pound contains what it means because the meaning of a pound is not always the sum of the meaning of its parts.

    24、（T）   25、（F）The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and its referent, i.e. between language and the real world; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.

   26、（T）   27、（F）In first language acquisition children's grammar never models exactly after the grammar of adult language, because children usually construct their personal grammars by themselves and generalize rules from the linguistic information they hear.

    28、（T）   29、（T）   30、（F）Instruction and correction are not key factors in child language development. Linguists have found that for the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious instruction. Instruction and correction just play a minor role.

   四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）   31、Linguistics that studies language at one particular point of time, e.g. the study of the kind of English used during Shakespeare's time.

   32、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language is not restricted by the 'here' and 'now' as animal munication is; we can virtually talk about anything we want, including what happened in the past, what is going to happen in the future, what is not existent in the immediate surroundings and even what we imagine.

   33、A pair of sound binations which are identical in every way except one sound, e.g. /pit/ and /bit/.

   34、Affixes added to an existing form to create anew word ,e.g. in-,-er 35、Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, and it consists of a set of rules that allow words to be bined with other words to form grammatical sentences.

    36、Language transfer is a phenomenon that L2 learners subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in their learning process.

   37、Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more specific word and a more general, more inclusive word. The former is included in the latter. For example, a cat is a hyponym of animal.

38、Sentence meaning refers to the intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication. It is abstract and decontextualized. For example, semantic analysis of the sentence meaning of "The bag is heavy" results in the one-place predication BAG (BEING HEAVY).

   39、A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a medium of munication among groups of people of diverse linguistic backgrounds. For this reason, a lingua franca must be an agree-upon "mon tongue" used by people thrown into social contact for various purposes, such as for social or mercial purposes.

   40、Cerebral cortex is the outside surface of the brain, the decision-making organ of the body, receiving messages from all sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions. Many of the cognitive abilities that distinguish humans from other mammals, such as sophisticated reasoning, linguistic skills, and musical ability, are believed to reside in the cortex.

   五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）

    41、Sociological triggers for language change refer to such radical socio-political changes as wars, invasions, occupation, colonialization, and language planning and standardization policies. A typical example in the history of English is the Norman Conquest, a military event that marked the dawning of the Middle English period. This means that Middle English began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in English under William the Conqueror in 1066. And for about a century and a half after the Norman Conquest, French remained as the language of the ruling class, as far as literature and administration were concerned. So Middle English was deeply influenced by Norman French in vocabulary and grammar. For example, such terms as "army," "court," "defense," "faith," "prison" and "tax" came from the language of the French rulers.

    评分标准：满分10分，其中定义占3分，典型例子占5分，例词占2分。   42、 The four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's L2 acquisition are: 1) age, 2) motivation, 3) acculturation, 4) personality.

    The optimal age for L2 acquisition is early teenage.

    Motivation refers to the learner's overall goal or orientation. There are two types of motivation：instrumental motivation and integrative motivation. The former occurs when the learner's goal is functional and the latter occurs when the learner's goal is social.

    Acculturation is the process in which the learner adapts to the new culture of the L2 munity.

    Personality is also related to L2 learning. Adult learners who are extroverted learn more quickly and therefore are more successful than introverted learners.

师X大学2004考研《语言学》试卷

师X大学2004考研《语言学》试卷

1.      Define the following terms:20 points

1)      langue

2)      parole

3)      allophone

4)      semantic field

5)      cohesion

2.Try to identify the possible paradigmatic relation between any items in the following poem by Lu Xun 10points

岂有豪情似旧时？花开花落两由之。何期泪洒江南雨，又为斯民哭健儿！

3.Give some lexical items to illustrate social dialects. Try to explain their connotations.20 points

4. What can this rule mean in English grammar? 10 points

[d] ___ [ -id] / [t] ___

5. Define the following sounds in terms of articulatory features10 points

这些音标我打不出来 和往年的差不多 全掌握了就行

6.Try to tell some of the similarities and differences between English and Chinese nominal constructions. Supply some examples.10 points

7.We can use the pattern “it is ……”to emphasize any part of a sentence except the predicate. What can we do if we must emphasize it ? Please give examples to highlight your emphasis of any part of this sentence :15points

I bought a book in the city yesterday.

8. Try to discuss as many as possible the design features of human language.15 points

9. Observe the following sentences: 

老王找到老X，才找到他的儿子。老王找到老X，才找到他自己的儿子。老王找到老X，才找到自己的儿子。老王找到老X，才找到儿子。

Which sentence is clear in its meaning? Which one is unclear? Try to explain why. Point out some features of the Chinese language.10points

10.Discuss the following 2 sentences, and tell why we can assign different values to the year of fifteen:10 points She is already fifteen, and yet she is crying over such a small thing.

She has done it very well; she is only fifteen, you know.

11.What can linguistics do for language learning and teaching? (10 points)

12.Determiner Phrase (DP) is the name newly given to the NP in generative grammar. A DP can be a form like 

1)a book;

2)the book;

3)books;

4)o book. 

This name may be better than the old name of NP in that it reminds us of sth when we (Chinese speakers) learn or teach English. Do you agree to this? Try to tell anything significant here. (10 points)